TheTotal Lung Capacity (TLC) is the total volume of air accomodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration. This includes :

Options

A. RV, IC (Inspiratory Capacity), EC (Expiratory Capacity), and ERV
B. RV, ERV, IC and EC
C. RV, ERV, VC (Vital Capacity) and FRC (Functional Residual Capacity)
D. RV (Residual Volume), ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume), TV (Tidal Volume), and IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume)

Answer

To determine what is included in the Total Lung Capacity (TLC), we need to understand the components that make up this measurement. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of the solution:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Definition of Total Lung Capacity (TLC)**:
- TLC is the total volume of air that the lungs can hold at the end of a forced inspiration.

2. **Components of TLC**:
- TLC is made up of several lung volumes:
- **Residual Volume (RV)**: This is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forcible expiration. It cannot be expelled from the lungs and is always present.
- **Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)**: This is the additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume.
- **Tidal Volume (TV)**: This is the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing (resting state).
- **Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)**: This is the additional volume of air that can be inhaled with a forcible inspiration after the inhalation of a normal tidal volume.

3. **Summing Up the Components**:
- The Total Lung Capacity can be expressed mathematically as:
\[ TLC = RV + ERV + TV + IRV \]
- Therefore, TLC includes all four volumes mentioned above.

4. **Conclusion**:
- The correct answer to the question is that Total Lung Capacity includes Residual Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume, Tidal Volume, and Inspiratory Reserve Volume.

### Final Answer:
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) includes:
- Residual Volume (RV)
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
- Tidal Volume (TV)
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)