Explain in detail the construction and working of a Van de Graaff generator.

Explanation

Principle : Electrostatic induction and action at points
Construction : A large hollow spherical conductor is fixed on the insulating stand . A pulley B is mounted at the center of the hollow sphere and another pullel C is fixed at the bottom . A belt made up of insulating materials like silk or rubber runs over both pulleys. The pulley C is driven continuously by the electric motor. Two comb shaped metallic conductors E and D are fixed near the pulleys . The comb D is maintained at a positive of 104 V by a power supply . The upper comb E is conncected to the inner side of the hollow metal sphere. Working : Due to the high electric field near comb D air between the belt and comb D gets ionized. The positive charges are pushed towards the belt and negative charges are attracted towards the comb D. The positive charges stick to the belt and move up. When the positive charges reach the comb E, a large amount of negative and positive charges are induced on either side of comb E due to electrostatic induction . As a result the positive charges are induced on either side of comb E due to electrostatic induction . As a result the positive charges are pushed away from the comb E and they rech the positive charges are pushed away from the comb E and they reach the outer surface of the sphere. Since the sphere is a conductor the positive charges are distributed uniformly on the outer surface of the hollow sphere . At the same time the negative charges nullify the positive charges in the belt due to corona discharge before it passes over the pulley.

When the belt descends it has almost no net charge . At the bottom it again gains a large positive charge . The belt goes up and delivers the positive charges to the outer surface of the positive sphere . This process continues until the outer surface produces the potential difference of the order of `10^(7)` which is the limiting value . We cannot store charges beyond this limit since the extra charge starts leaking to the surroundings due to ionization of air . The leakage of charges can be reduced by enclosing the machine in a gas filled steel chamber at very high pressure. Uses: The high voltage produced in this Van de Graaff generator is used to accelerate positive ions ( protons and deuterons) for nuclear disintegrations and other applications .