How can bacterial cell be made competent to take up DNA?

Why is it difficult for DNA to pass through cell membrane? How is a bacterial cell made competent to take up DNA (plasmid)?

(i) Describe the characteristics that a cloning vector must posses. (ii) why DNA can not pass through the cell membrane ? Explain. How is a bacterial cell made 'competent' to take up recombinant DNA from the medium ?

Arrange the following steps for making the bacterial cell competent to take up DNA, in chromonological order . I. Incubation of cells with recombinant DNA on ice. II . Incubation of cells with recombinant DNA at 42 degree Celsius. III. Treating cells with a specific concentration of a divalent cation such as calcium .

Assertion : During transformation, in order to force bacteria to take up the plasmid, the bacterial cell must first be made 'competent' to take up DNA Reason: This is done by treating them with a specific concentration of a monovalent cation such as sodim

Why and how bacteria can be made 'competent' ?

The cells of E. coli may be made competent to take up external DNA in the process of transformation by expos- ing the cell to:

The bacterial cell must be made competent then word competent refers here______ .

Explain the method to increase the competency of the bacterial cell membrane to take up recombinant DNA?