Whenever a reaction between an oxidising agent and a reducing agent is carried out, a compound of lower oxidation state is formed if the reducing agent is in excess and a compound of higher oxidation state is formed if the oxidising agent is in excess. Justify this statement giving three illustrations.

Explanation

To justify the statement regarding the formation of compounds with different oxidation states based on the excess of either the reducing agent or the oxidizing agent, we can analyze three chemical reactions.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Oxidizing and Reducing Agents**:
- An **oxidizing agent** gains electrons and is reduced in a chemical reaction, resulting in a higher oxidation state.
- A **reducing agent** loses electrons and is oxidized, resulting in a lower oxidation state.

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