Linkage and crossing-over of genes are alternatives of each other. Justify with the help of an example.

Explanation

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Linkage:**
- Linkage refers to the tendency of genes (alleles) that are located close to each other on the same chromosome to be inherited together. This means that if one gene is passed on to the offspring, the linked gene is likely to be passed on as well.
- For example, consider two genes, A and B, located close together on a chromosome. If the allele A1 is inherited, it is likely that allele B1 will also be inherited due to their proximity.

2. **Understanding Crossing Over:**
- Crossing over is a process that occurs during meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange segments of genetic material. This exchange leads to new combinations of alleles, resulting in genetic variation among offspring.
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