Using the necessary circuit diagram, show how the V-I characteristics of a p-n junction are obtained in (i) forward biasing (ii) Reverse biasing. How are these characteristics made use of in rectification?

Explanation

To solve the question regarding the V-I characteristics of a p-n junction in forward and reverse biasing, and how these characteristics are utilized in rectification, we will follow a structured approach.

### Step-by-Step Solution

#### Step 1: Understanding the p-n Junction
A p-n junction is formed by joining p-type and n-type semiconductors. The p-side has an abundance of holes (positive charge carriers), while the n-side has an abundance of electrons (negative charge carriers).

#### Step 2: Circuit Diagram for Forward Biasing
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