What is meant by emasculation ? When and why does a plant breeder employ this technique?

What is meant by emasculation? (A) Pollination between flower of same plant (B) Pollination between flowers of different plant (C) Removal of the anthers (D) Artificial pollination

Define a taxon. What is meant by taxonomic hierarchy ? Give a flow diagram from the lowest to highest category for a plant and an animal. What happens to the number of individuals and numbers of shared characters as we go up the taxonomical hierarchy ?

What is bagging technique? How is it useful in a plant breeding programme?

(a) When monochromatic light is incident on a surface separating two media, the reflected and refracted light both have the same frequency as the incident frequency. Explain why? (b) When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, the speed decreases. Does the reduction in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by the light wave? (c) In the wave picture of light, intensity of light is determined by the square of the amplitude of the wave. What determines the intensity of light in the photon picture of light