Dialysis fluid contains all the constituents as in plasma except

Options

A. Electrolytes
B. Proteins
C. Nitrogenous wastes
D. All the above

Answer

To solve the question "Dialysis fluid contains all the constituents as in plasma except," we will analyze the components of plasma and the purpose of dialysis fluid.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Plasma Composition**:
- Plasma is the liquid component of blood and contains various substances, including water, electrolytes (like sodium, potassium, calcium), proteins (like albumin, globulins), nutrients (like glucose), hormones, and waste products (like urea, creatinine).

2. **Understanding Dialysis**:
- Dialysis is a medical procedure used to remove waste products and excess substances from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly. It acts as an artificial kidney.

3. **Components of Dialysis Fluid**:
- Dialysis fluid (or dialysate) is designed to mimic the composition of plasma but is specifically formulated to facilitate the removal of waste products from the blood. It typically contains water, electrolytes, and nutrients.

4. **Identifying Excluded Components**:
- The key aspect of dialysis is that it is used to remove waste products from the blood. Therefore, the dialysis fluid does not contain nitrogenous wastes (like urea) or other waste products that need to be filtered out.

5. **Conclusion**:
- Given that dialysis fluid contains all constituents of plasma except for waste products, the correct answer is that it does not contain nitrogenous wastes, proteins, or electrolytes that are in excess. Thus, the answer to the question is: "All of the above" (option D).

### Final Answer:
Dialysis fluid contains all the constituents as in plasma except **nitrogenous wastes, proteins, and excess electrolytes**.

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