Explain the process of translation in protein synthesis.

Explanation

The process of polymerisation of amino acids to form a polypeptide is termed as translation. The process of translation takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell where ribosome is located and it takes place in 4 levels.
I. Activation or charging of amino acid: Amino acids before they attach tRNA should be activated by using ATP molecules. Amino acid + ATP- Activated amino acid. Activated amino acid will be picked up by at RNA molecule and form amino acyl tRNA. This process is called charging of amino acid.
2. Chain initiation:
1. The formation of polypeptide chain is initiated by the initiator codon AUG.
2. First mRNA binds to smaller subunit of ribosome ie (30s) and later on larger subunit joins.
3. Larger sub unit (50s) has a site (Aminoacyl site), P site peptidyl site enzyme peptidyl transfer are and an Esite or exit site.
4. Chain elongation: Ribosomal subunit shirts from one codon to another codon on the m RNA strand. t RNA carrying an amino acid shifts from A site to P site. At P site of 5os subunit peptide bond formation takes place between 2 amino acids and it is catalyzed by peptidyl transfer enzyme and elongation factos `EF_(1), EF_(2), EF_(3)`. Chain keeps elongating.
5. Chain termination: Codons Present on m RNA strand are translated by ribosomes continuously to form a long polypeptide chain until the ribosomes reach the terminator codons (UAA, UAG, UGA).