Which of the following has the highest normality ?

Options

A. `1 " M "H_(2)SO_(4)`
B. `1 " M " H_(3)PO_(3)`
C. `1 " M "H_(3)PO_(4)`
D. `1 " M "HNO_(3)`

Answer

To determine which of the given options has the highest normality, we can follow these steps:

### Step 1: Understand Normality
Normality (N) is a measure of concentration equivalent to molarity (M) multiplied by the number of equivalents (n factor) of solute that react in a given reaction. The formula is:
\[ \text{Normality (N)} = \text{Molarity (M)} \times n \]

### Step 2: Identify the n Factors
For each of the substances provided in the options, we need to identify the n factor. The n factor is determined by the number of reactive units (like H⁺ ions in acids or OH⁻ ions in bases) that one mole of the substance can provide in a reaction.

- **Option 1:** n factor = 2
- **Option 2:** n factor = 2
- **Option 3:** n factor = 3
- **Option 4:** n factor = 1

### Step 3: Compare the n Factors
Now that we have identified the n factors for each option, we can compare them:
- Option 1: n = 2
- Option 2: n = 2
- Option 3: n = 3 (highest)
- Option 4: n = 1

### Step 4: Determine the Highest Normality
Since normality is directly proportional to the n factor (assuming molarity is constant), the option with the highest n factor will have the highest normality.

From our comparison, Option 3 has the highest n factor of 3.

### Conclusion
Therefore, the option with the highest normality is **Option 3**.

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