How should we take the reading of a liquid level, if the meniscus of the surface is convex .

How should we take the reading of a liquid level, if the meniscus of the surface is concave

By a surface of a liquid we mean

Boiling takes place throughout a liquid and not just at the surface.

Molecular forces exist between the molecules of a liquid in a container. The molecules on the surface have unequal force leading to a tension on the surface. If this is not compensated by a force, the equilibrium of the liquid will be a difficult task. This leads to an excess pressure on the surface. The nature of the meniscus can inform us of the direction of the excess pressure. The angle of contact of the liquid decided by the forces between the molecules, air and container can make the angle of contact. The direction of the excess pressure in the meniscus of a liquid of angle of contact 2pi//3 is

Molecular forces exist between the molecules of a liquid in a container. The molecules on the surface have unequal force leading to a tension on the surface. If this is not compensated by a force, the equilibrium of the liquid will be a difficult task. This leads to an excess pressure on the surface. The nature of the meniscus can inform us of the direction of the excess pressure. The angle of contact of the liquid decided by the forces between the molecules, air and container can make the angle of contact. In a meniscus of radius r , with excess pressure p in atmospheric pressure p_(0) , the force experienced is

How does the surface tension of a liquid vary with increase in temperature ?

How does the surface tension of a liquid vary with increase in temperature ?

Molecular forces exist between the molecules of a liquid in a container. The molecules on the surface have unequal force leading to a tension on the surface. If this is not compensated by a force, the equilibrium of the liquid will be a difficult task. This leads to an excess pressure on the surface. The nature of the meniscus can inform us of the direction of the excess pressure. The angle of contact of the liquid decided by the forces between the molecules, air and container can make the angle of contact. If the excess pressure in a soap bubble is p , the excess pressure in an air bubble is

A beaker containing liquid is placed on a table, underneath a microscope which can be moved along a vertical scale. The microscope is focused, through the liquid onto a mark on the table when the reading on the scale is a . It is next focused on the upper surface of the liquid and the reading is b . More liquid is added and the observations are repeated, the corresponding readings are c and d . The refractive index of the liquid is

How does the rate of evaporation of a liquid depend on (i) temperature , (ii) surface area?