Which are the species in which central atom undergoes `sp^(3)` hybridisation ? .

Options

A. `SF_(4)`
B. `SCI_(2)`
C. `SO_(4)^(2-)`
D. `H_(2)O`

Explanation

To determine which species have a central atom that undergoes sp³ hybridization, we can follow these steps:

### Step 1: Understand Hybridization
Hybridization is the process of combining atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals. The type of hybridization (sp, sp², sp³, etc.) depends on the number of electron pairs around the central atom.

### Step 2: Use the Hybridization Formula
The hybridization can be determined using the formula:
\[ H = \frac{1}{2} \left( \text{Group number of central atom} + \text{Number of atoms attached to central atom} + \text{Charge} \right) \]
Where:
- The group number refers to the column of the periodic table where the element is found.
- The number of atoms attached includes all atoms bonded to the central atom.
- The charge is considered by adding the magnitude of negative charges and subtracting the magnitude of positive charges.

### Step 3: Analyze Each Species
1. **SF₄**:
- Group number of S = 6
- Number of F atoms attached = 4
- Calculation:
\[ H = \frac{1}{2} (6 + 4) = \frac{1}{2} (10) = 5 \]
- Hybridization: sp³d (not sp³)

2. **SCl₂**:
- Group number of S = 6
- Number of Cl atoms attached = 2
- Calculation:
\[ H = \frac{1}{2} (6 + 2) = \frac{1}{2} (8) = 4 \]
- Hybridization: sp³ (this is sp³)

3. **SO₄²⁻**:
- Group number of S = 6
- Number of O atoms attached = 4
- Charge = -2
- Calculation:
\[ H = \frac{1}{2} (6 + 4 + 2) = \frac{1}{2} (12) = 6 \]
- Hybridization: sp³ (this is sp³)

4. **H₂S**:
- Group number of S = 6
- Number of H atoms attached = 2
- Calculation:
\[ H = \frac{1}{2} (6 + 2) = \frac{1}{2} (8) = 4 \]
- Hybridization: sp³ (this is sp³)

5. **H₂O**:
- Group number of O = 6
- Number of H atoms attached = 2
- Calculation:
\[ H = \frac{1}{2} (6 + 2) = \frac{1}{2} (8) = 4 \]
- Hybridization: sp³ (this is sp³)

### Conclusion
The species in which the central atom undergoes sp³ hybridization are:
- SCl₂
- SO₄²⁻
- H₂S
- H₂O