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Explain inert pair effect....

Explain inert pair effect.

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The reluctance of .ns. pair of electrons to take part in bond formation is called inert pair effect.
OR
The occurrence of oxidation states two unit lessthan the group oxidation states is called inert pair effect.
Eg : In Group -13 Tl exhibits +1 oxidation state instead of +3.oxidation state due to inert pair effect.
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The heavier members of 13 and 14 groups besides the group oxidation state also show another oxidation state which is two unit less than the group OS. Down the group decreasing, the stability state of higher OS increasing , and that of lower OS increasing. The concept which is commonly called inert pair effect has been used to explain many physical and chemical properties of the element of these groups. Heavier members of group 13 exhibit oxidation state.

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