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A reddish brown positively charged sol i...

A reddish brown positively charged sol is obtained by adding small quantity of `FeCl_(3)` solution to freshly prepared and well washed `Fe(OH)_(3)` precipitate. How does it take place ?

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To understand how a reddish brown positively charged sol is formed by adding FeCl₃ solution to freshly prepared and well-washed Fe(OH)₃ precipitate, let's break down the process step by step. ### Step-by-Step Solution: 1. **Understanding the Components:** - We start with a precipitate of Fe(OH)₃, which is a colloidal form of iron hydroxide. This precipitate is neutral and does not carry any charge. - FeCl₃ is a salt that dissociates in solution to give Fe³⁺ ions and Cl⁻ ions. ...
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The colloidal particles are electrically charged as a indicated by their migration towards cathode or anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive charge or negative charge. The electric charge on colloidal particles orginate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, For example, freshly obtained Fe(OH)_(3) precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCl_(3) , into colloidal solution owing to the adsorption of Fe^(3+) ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged. In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having ampiphilic character. When the ions posses hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre. The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group is ionized. At isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basix and acidic groups are equally ionized. The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles. This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes, the ions carrying oppiste charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their charge. When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian movement, they coalesce to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion medium. This is what is called coagulating or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value, defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol. How would you obtain a sol of AgI, the particles of which migrate towards cathode under the electric field?

An aqueous of a gas (X) shows the following reactions : (a) It turns red litmus blue. (b) When added in excess to a copper sulphate solution, a deep blue coloured solution is obtained. ( c) On addition to FeCl_3 solution, a brownish precipitate is formed, which is solution in HNO_3 . Identify (X) and give an explanation for step (a),(b) and ( c) .

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