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Catalytic converters are used in cars to...

Catalytic converters are used in cars to reduce the effect of exhaust fumes on the atmosphere. Which of the following statements regarding them are true ?
I. The main component of the converter is a ceramic honeycomb coated with precious metals.
II. The exhaust gases containing unburnt fuel, CO and `NO_(x)`, when pass through the convertor at 573K. are converted into `CO_(2)` and `N_(2)`.

A

only I

B

only II

C

I and II

D

None of these

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Observe the diagram of the catalytic converter and answer the questions which follow: (a) Name any two metals used as catalyst in the catalytic converter. (b) Name the gases that are released after passing the exhaust hydrocarbons through the catalytic converter. (c) Name the other poisonous gas which is missing (?) in the exhaust pollutant of an automobile in the above diagram?

Which of the following statements are correct ? (i) Catalytic converters convert unburnt hydrocarbons into CO_(2) and H_(2)O . (ii) The catalytic converter converts carbon monoxide and nitric oxide into CO_(2) and N_(2) . (iii) Automobiles are the major cause of atmospheric pollution in the world. (iv) Proper maintenance of automobiles along with the use of lead-free petrol or diesel cannot reduce the pollutants they emit. (v) In India, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act came into force in 1981 amended in 1987 to include noise as air pollutants.

Estimation of nitrogen: There are two methods for the estimation of nitrogen (i) Dumas method and (ii) Kjedahl's method. i. Dumas method: A known mass of compound is heated with copper oxide (CuO) in an atomsphere of CO_(2) , which gives free nitrogen along with CO_(2) and H_(2)O C_(x)H_(y)N_(z) + (2x + y//2) CuO rarr xCO_(2) + y//2 (H_(2)O) + z//2 (N_(2)) + (2x + y//2) CU The gaseous mixture is passed over a heated copper gauze which converts traces of nitrogen oxides formed to N_(2) . The gaeous mixture is collected over an aqueous solution of KOH which absorbs CO_(2) , and nitrogen is callected in the upper part of the graduated tube. ii. Kjeldahl's method: A known mass of organic compound (0.5 gm) is mixed with K_(2)SO_(4) (10 gm) and CuSO_(4) . (1.0 gm) or a drop of mercury (Hg) and conc. H_(2)SO_(4) (25ml), and heated in Kjeldahl's flask. CuSO_(4) or Hg acts as a catalyst, while K_(2)SO_(4) raises the boiling point of H_(2)SO_(4) . The nitrogen in the organic compound is quantitatively converted to ammonium sulphate. The resulting mixture is then distilled with excess of NaOH solution and the NH_(3) evolved is passed into a known but excess volume of standard HCl or H_(2)SO_(4) . The acid left unused is estimated by titration with some standard alkali. The amount of acid used against NH_(3) can be thus be known and from this the percentage of nitrogen is calculated. (a) C + H + S underset(H_(2)SO_(4))overset("conc.")rarr CO_(2) + H_(2)O + SO_(2) (b) N underset(H_(2)SO_(4))overset("conc.")rarr (NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4) (c) (NH_(4))_(2) SO_(4) + 2NaOH rarr Na_(2)SO_(4) + 2NH_(3) + 2H_(2)O (d) 2NH_(3) + H_(2)SO_(4) rarr (NH_(4))_(2) SO_(4) (iii) This method is not applicable to compounds containing N in intro and azo groups, and N present in the ring (e.g., pyridine) as N of these compounds does not change to (NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4) (ammonium sulphate) under these reaction conditions 0.50 gm of an organic compound was treated according to Kjeldahl's method. The ammonia evolved was absorbed in 50ml of 0,5M H_(2)SO_(4) . The residual acid required 60 ml of M/2 NaOH solution. Find the percentage of nitrogen in the compound

Estimation of nitrogen: There are two methods for the estimation of nitrogen (i) Dumas method and (ii) Kjedahl's method. i. Dumas method: A known mass of compound is heated with copper oxide (CuO) in an atomsphere of CO_(2) , which gives free nitrogen along with CO_(2) and H_(2)O C_(x)H_(y)N_(z) + (2x + y//2) CuO rarr xCO_(2) + y//2 (H_(2)O) + z//2 (N_(2)) + (2x + y//2) CU The gaseous mixture is passed over a heated copper gauze which converts traces of nitrogen oxides formed to N_(2) . The gaeous mixture is collected over an aqueous solution of KOH which absorbs CO_(2) , and nitrogen is callected in the upper part of the graduated tube. ii. Kjeldahl's method: A known mass of organic compound (0.5 gm) is mixed with K_(2)SO_(4) (10 gm) and CuSO_(4) . (1.0 gm) or a drop of mercury (Hg) and conc. H_(2)SO_(4) (25ml), and heated in Kjeldahl's flask. CuSO_(4) or Hg acts as a catalyst, while K_(2)SO_(4) raises the boiling point of H_(2)SO_(4) . The nitrogen in the organic compound is quantitatively converted to ammonium sulphate. The resulting mixture is then distilled with excess of NaOH solution and the NH_(3) evolved is passed into a known but excess volume of standard HCl or H_(2)SO_(4) . The acid left unused is estimated by titration with some standard alkali. The amount of acid used against NH_(3) can be thus be known and from this the percentage of nitrogen is calculated. (a) C + H + S underset(H_(2)SO_(4))overset("conc.")rarr CO_(2) + H_(2)O + SO_(2) (b) N underset(H_(2)SO_(4))overset("conc.")rarr (NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4) (c) (NH_(4))_(2) SO_(4) + 2NaOH rarr Na_(2)SO_(4) + 2NH_(3) + 2H_(2)O (d) 2NH_(3) + H_(2)SO_(4) rarr (NH_(4))_(2) SO_(4) (iii) This method is not applicable to compounds containing N in intro and azo groups, and N present in the ring (e.g., pyridine) as N of these compounds does not change to (NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4) (ammonium sulphate) under these reaction conditions 0.4gm of an organic compound was treated according to Kjeldahl's method. The ammonia evolved was absorbed in 50ml of 0.5M H_(3)PO_(3) . The residual acid required 30 ml of 0.5M Ca(OH)_(2) . Find the percentage of N_(2) in the compound

Estimation of nitrogen: There are two methods for the estimation of nitrogen (i) Dumas method and (ii) Kjedahl's method. i. Dumas method: A known mass of compound is heated with copper oxide (CuO) in an atomsphere of CO_(2) , which gives free nitrogen along with CO_(2) and H_(2)O C_(x)H_(y)N_(z) + (2x + y//2) CuO rarr xCO_(2) + y//2 (H_(2)O) + z//2 (N_(2)) + (2x + y//2) CU The gaseous mixture is passed over a heated copper gauze which converts traces of nitrogen oxides formed to N_(2) . The gaeous mixture is collected over an aqueous solution of KOH which absorbs CO_(2) , and nitrogen is callected in the upper part of the graduated tube. ii. Kjeldahl's method: A known mass of organic compound (0.5 gm) is mixed with K_(2)SO_(4) (10 gm) and CuSO_(4) . (1.0 gm) or a drop of mercury (Hg) and conc. H_(2)SO_(4) (25ml), and heated in Kjeldahl's flask. CuSO_(4) or Hg acts as a catalyst, while K_(2)SO_(4) raises the boiling point of H_(2)SO_(4) . The nitrogen in the organic compound is quantitatively converted to ammonium sulphate. The resulting mixture is then distilled with excess of NaOH solution and the NH_(3) evolved is passed into a known but excess volume of standard HCl or H_(2)SO_(4) . The acid left unused is estimated by titration with some standard alkali. The amount of acid used against NH_(3) can be thus be known and from this the percentage of nitrogen is calculated. (a) C + H + S underset(H_(2)SO_(4))overset("conc.")rarr CO_(2) + H_(2)O + SO_(2) (b) N underset(H_(2)SO_(4))overset("conc.")rarr (NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4) (c) (NH_(4))_(2) SO_(4) + 2NaOH rarr Na_(2)SO_(4) + 2NH_(3) + 2H_(2)O (d) 2NH_(3) + H_(2)SO_(4) rarr (NH_(4))_(2) SO_(4) (iii) This method is not applicable to compounds containing N in intro and azo groups, and N present in the ring (e.g., pyridine) as N of these compounds does not change to (NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4) (ammonium sulphate) under these reaction conditions 0.002 gm of an organic compound was treated according to Kjeldahl's method. 0.2 xx 10^(-4) mol of H_(2)SO_(4) was required to neutralise NH_(3) . Calculate the percentage of N_(2)

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Gaseous fuels due to their advantages over ther types of fuels are becoming highly popular . The advantages to the gaseous fuels are as follows : a. High calorific value . b. Do not produce smoke and do not leave ash after combustion . c. They can flow through pipes and can be ignite at a moment's notice at any place . No special devices are required for their combustion . i. Coal gas is a good gaseous fuel as it contains 95^5 combustible gaseous such as H_2, CH_4, CO etc , It is obtained buy destructive distillation of coal at 100^@ C . ii. Water gas is a mixture of CO and H_2 and is prepared by passing steam over incandescnt coke . The reaction is endothermic . iii. Producer gas , which possesses low calorific value, so prepared by passing air over red hot coke . It contains mainly nitrogen and CO iv. Semi-water gas is a mixture of water as and producer as . v. oil gas , which is used in labs , is obtained by cracking of kerosene . It is a mixture of hydrocarbon (saturated and unsaturated ) mainly lower hydrocarbons . iv. LPG , which contains C_3 and C_4 hydrocarbon of the alkane and alkene series , supplied in cylinders for domestic uses is very popular these days . Which gas is the essential constituent of most of the fuels ?

Gaseous fuels due to their advantages over ther tupes of fuels are becoming highly popular . The advantages fo the fgaseous fuels are as follows : a. High calorigic value . b. Do not produce smoke and do not leave ash after combstion . c. They can flow through pipes and can be ignige at a moment's notic eat any place . No sp-ecial devices are required for their combustion . i. Coal gas is a good gaseous fuel as it conitains 95^5 combustible gaseous such as H_2, CH_4, CO etc , It is obtained buy destructive distillation of coal at 100^@ C . ii. Water gas is a mixture of CO and H_2 and is prepared by passing steam over incandescnt coke . The reaction is owever endothermic . iii. Producer gas , which possesses low calorific value, so prepared by passing aair over red hot coke . It contains mainly nitrogen and CO iv. Semi-water gas is a mixture of water fas and producer fas . v. oil gas , which is used in laboratries , is obtained by cracking of kerosene . It is a mixture of hydrocarbon (saturated and unsatureated ) mainly lower hudrocarons . iv. LPG , which contains C_3 and C_4 hydrocarbon of the alkane and alkene serties , suppied in cylinders for domestic uses is very populsr these days . Which fuel has the highest calorific value ?

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