Explain the formation of ionic bond with two examples.

Options

A. `ns^(2) or ns^(2) np^(6)` configuration
B. pseudo noble – gas – configuration
C. inert-pair configuration
D. All of these configurations

Explanation

### Step-by-Step Solution:

**Step 1: Definition of Ionic Bond**
An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that occurs when one atom completely transfers its valence electrons to another atom. This transfer of electrons results in the formation of charged ions, which are held together by electrostatic forces.

**Step 2: Example 1 - Sodium Chloride (NaCl)**
1. **Identify the Elements**: Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl).
2. **Valence Electrons**: Sodium has 1 valence electron, while Chlorine has 7 valence electrons.
3. **Electron Transfer**: Sodium needs to lose its 1 valence electron to achieve a stable electron configuration (similar to the nearest noble gas, Neon). It transfers this electron to Chlorine.
4. **Formation of Ions**: After the transfer:
- Sodium becomes a positively charged ion (Na⁺) because it has lost an electron.
- Chlorine becomes a negatively charged ion (Cl⁻) because it has gained an electron.
5. **Electrostatic Attraction**: The oppositely charged ions (Na⁺ and Cl⁻) attract each other, forming the ionic compound Sodium Chloride (NaCl).

**Step 3: Example 2 - Calcium Oxide (CaO)**
1. **Identify the Elements**: Calcium (Ca) and Oxygen (O).
2. **Valence Electrons**: Calcium has 2 valence electrons, while Oxygen has 6 valence electrons.
3. **Electron Transfer**: Calcium needs to lose its 2 valence electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration (similar to the nearest noble gas, Argon). It transfers these two electrons to Oxygen.
4. **Formation of Ions**: After the transfer:
- Calcium becomes a doubly charged positive ion (Ca²⁺) because it has lost two electrons.
- Oxygen becomes a doubly charged negative ion (O²⁻) because it has gained two electrons.
5. **Electrostatic Attraction**: The oppositely charged ions (Ca²⁺ and O²⁻) attract each other, forming the ionic compound Calcium Oxide (CaO).

### Summary:
Ionic bonds are formed through the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of charged ions that are held together by electrostatic forces. Examples include Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and Calcium Oxide (CaO).

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