Explain inductive effect with a suitable example.

Explanation

Inductive effect: the electron donating or electron with drawing effect of a groups an atom that is transmitted by the polarisation of electrons in `sigma-` bonds is called inductive effect.
Illustration : Consider the molecule `CH _(3) - CH _(2) - CH _(2) - Cl.` There is a `.sigma.` covalent bond between carbon atom and chlorine atom. The electron pair between them is not equally shared. The more electronegative chlorine atom tends to attract the shared pair more towards itself. Due to this, the electron density tends to be greater nearer chlorine atom that carbon atom it is generally represented as `overset(delta+) (C)- overset(delta -) (Cl) (or C to Cl ` But, carbon. atom bonded to chlorine atom is itself attached to other
carbon atoms. Therefore the effect can be transitted further `H _(3) overset (3) (C) - overset(2) (C) H _(2) to overset( 1)(C) to Cl`
Inductive effect is defined as the plorisation on `sigma ` bond caused by the polarization of adjacent `sigma ` bond.
`(-I)` effect i.e., electron with drawing effect is in the order.
`+ NH _(3) gt NO _(2)CN gt SO _(3) H gt CHO gt CO gt COOH gt COCl gt COOR gt CONH_(2) gt F gt Cl gt Br gt I gt OH gt OR gt NH _(2) gt C _(6) H_(5) gt H.`
`+` I effect is `- bar N R gt - bar O , - bar Se gt bar S gt - bar O , - C ( CH _(3)) _(3) gt - CH( CH _(3)) _(2) gt - CH _(2) CH _(3) gt - CH_(3)`