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Write short notes on any three of the fo...

Write short notes on any three of the following each with two or three important points :
( d) Somaclonal variations

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Somaclonal variation This refers to the genetic variability that is generated during tissue culture. Somaclonal variations occur over a long period of maintenance. These variabilities arise in the cultured tissues, though they are cultured or grown from a single explant.
An example of somaclonal variation includes leaf callus culture of Solanum tuberosum in which presence of characteristics like difference in maturity dates of tubers, yield, shape and disease resistance has been seen.
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