Different types of bond are formed in the chemical compound.
These bond have different strength and bond energies associated
with them. These bond are formed with atoms in different enviroments.
Which of the following overlaping is involved in formation of only `sigma` bond

Options

A. s-p overlapping
B. p-d overlapping
C. p-p overlapping
D. None of these

Answer

To determine which type of overlapping is involved in the formation of only a sigma bond, we need to analyze the types of overlaps that can occur between atomic orbitals. Here's a step-by-step breakdown of the solution:

### Step 1: Understand Sigma Bonds
A sigma bond is formed by the head-on or end-to-end overlap of atomic orbitals along the internuclear axis. This type of overlap allows for the maximum overlap between the orbitals, resulting in a strong bond.

**Hint:** Remember that sigma bonds are characterized by head-on overlaps, which can occur between different types of orbitals.

### Step 2: Identify Types of Overlaps
There are three main types of overlaps that can lead to the formation of sigma bonds:
1. **S-S Overlap**: This occurs when two s orbitals overlap directly.
2. **S-P Overlap**: This occurs when an s orbital overlaps with a p orbital.
3. **P-P Overlap**: This occurs when two p orbitals overlap end-to-end.

**Hint:** Focus on the types of orbitals involved in the overlaps to determine which can exclusively form sigma bonds.

### Step 3: Analyze P-P Overlap
While P-P overlap can also lead to the formation of sigma bonds, it can also result in pi bonds if the overlap is sideways. Therefore, P-P overlap does not exclusively lead to sigma bond formation.

**Hint:** Consider the orientation of the orbitals when determining if they can exclusively form sigma bonds.

### Step 4: Conclusion
The only type of overlap that exclusively results in the formation of a sigma bond is the **S-P overlap**. This is because S-S and P-P overlaps can also lead to the formation of pi bonds under certain conditions.

**Final Answer:** The type of overlapping involved in the formation of only a sigma bond is **S-P overlapping**.