Non–obligatory mutualism is also known as –

Options

A. Commensalism
B. Proto–cooperation
C. Helotism
D. Exploitation

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Non-Obligatory Mutualism**:
- Non-obligatory mutualism refers to a type of mutualistic relationship where the organisms involved benefit from each other but do not rely on each other for survival. This means that both species can live independently without the other.

2. **Identifying the Options**:
- The question provides four options:
a) Commensalism
b) Proto-cooperation
c) Helotism
d) Exploitation

3. **Analyzing Each Option**:
- **Commensalism**: This is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed. This does not fit the definition of non-obligatory mutualism.
- **Proto-cooperation**: This is a type of mutualism where both organisms benefit from the relationship, but it is not essential for their survival. This fits the definition of non-obligatory mutualism.
- **Helotism**: This involves one organism benefiting at the expense of another, which does not align with mutualism.
- **Exploitation**: This refers to one organism benefiting at the expense of another, which is contrary to the concept of mutualism.

4. **Conclusion**:
- Based on the analysis, the correct answer is **proto-cooperation**, as it is the term that describes a non-obligatory mutualistic relationship.

**Final Answer**: Non-obligatory mutualism is also known as **proto-cooperation**.

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