Silica covers an entire group of minerals, which have the general formula `SiO_2`, the most common of which is quartz, which is a framework silicate with `SiO_4` tetrahedra arranged in spirals. The spirals can turn in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction resulting in two mirror images, optically active, varieties of quartz.
The following structures represent various silicate anions. Their formulas are respectively