Interacting species live closely together in

Options

A. 1)Commensalism
B. 2)Predation
C. 3)Parasitism
D. 4)All

Answer

To answer the question "Interacting species live closely together in," we need to analyze the four options provided: commensalism, predation, parasitism, and all of the above.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Commensalism**:
- In commensalism, one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed.
- Example: Barnacles on a whale. The barnacles benefit from being on the whale, while the whale is not affected.
- Conclusion: In commensalism, species live closely together.

2. **Understanding Predation**:
- In predation, one organism (the predator) benefits by consuming another organism (the prey).
- Example: A lion hunting a zebra. The lion benefits, while the zebra is harmed.
- Conclusion: In predation, species also live closely together.

3. **Understanding Parasitism**:
- In parasitism, one organism benefits at the expense of another. The parasite derives nutrients from the host, harming it in the process.
- Example: Ticks feeding on a dog. The tick benefits, while the dog suffers.
- Conclusion: In parasitism, species live closely together as well.

4. **Final Conclusion**:
- Since all three interactions (commensalism, predation, and parasitism) involve species living closely together, the correct answer is "all of the above."
- Therefore, the correct option is **option number four**.

### Final Answer:
**Option 4: All of the above.**