What is common to the techniques (1)in vitro fertilization, (ii) cryopreservation, and (iii) tissue culture?

Options

A. All are in-situ conservation methods
B. All require ultra modern equipment and large space.
C. All are methods of conservation of exitnct organisms.
D. All are ex-situ conservation methods.

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)**:
- In vitro fertilization is a process where fertilization occurs outside the female body, typically in a laboratory setting. This involves collecting eggs from the ovaries and sperm from the male, and then combining them in a controlled environment to facilitate fertilization.

2. **Understanding Cryopreservation**:
- Cryopreservation is a technique used to preserve biological material at extremely low temperatures, usually using liquid nitrogen at around -196°C. This process allows for the long-term storage of cells, tissues, or even entire organisms by slowing down metabolic processes and preventing cellular damage.

3. **Understanding Tissue Culture**:
- Tissue culture refers to the technique of growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in a controlled, sterile environment. This is done outside of the plant organism, often using a small piece of plant tissue (explant) to generate new plants.

4. **Identifying the Commonality**:
- The common aspect of these three techniques (IVF, cryopreservation, and tissue culture) is that they all occur outside of the original organism. They involve taking biological materials (eggs, sperm, plant tissues) from their natural environment and cultivating or preserving them in an artificial setting.

5. **Conclusion**:
- Therefore, the commonality among in vitro fertilization, cryopreservation, and tissue culture is that they are all examples of **ex situ conservation methods**. This means that they involve the removal of biological materials from their natural habitat for preservation or cultivation in a controlled environment.