NCERT Solutions Class 10 Social Science History – Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World

In Chapter 3 of the Class 10 Social Science History “The Making of a Global World”, we focus on global trade and interaction among continents from the early modern period onward, demonstrating how European voyages, colonialism, trade network expansion, and the rise of capitalism came together to create a global world.

The NCERT Solutions for this History chapter is answered clearly and precisely and is prepared according to the latest NCERT syllabus and CBSE guidelines helping students study efficiently and perform well in their exams. The chapter aids students to understand the historical events, key developments, and the processes that led to the emergence of a global economy and interconnected world.

1.0Download NCERT Solutions Class 10 Social Science History : Chapter 3 – The Making of a Global World : Free PDF

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2.0Class 10 History Chapter 3 – The Making of a Global World: Brief Explanation

In this chapter, The Making of a Global World illustrates how previously inconceivable European explorations provided access to global exchanges and opened lines of trade and contact between distant continents. This chapter outlines some of the trade networks established, such as the Atlantic trade, the establishment of trading companies like the East India Company, and consolidations of goods, ideas, and cultural exchanges made possible by global trade. This chapter also describes some of the consequences this has for societies around the world and the evolving relationship between local economies and trades in increasingly globalized world.

The key ideas covered in this chapter include:

• European Voyages and Exploration: These journeys by explorers such as Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and others opened up contact across large bodies of water connecting very distant parts of the world.
• Expansion of trade networks: Maritime routes connecting Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas are rising.
• The role of trading companies: Significance of trading companies in global commerce, such as the British and Dutch East India Companies.
• Economic and cultural exchanges: Effects or impacts of trade and commerce on societies, economies, and cultural exchanges.
• The rise of capitalism: Global trade's significance on the emergence of capitalist based economies.
• Historic significance: The development of a global economy and the elements laid at earlier stages.

3.0NCERT Class 10 History Chapter 3: Detailed Solutions

1. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.

Ans. The two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before 17th century are:

• Asia : Caravans carried items such as precious stones and metals, gold, ivory, and glass to China until around the fifth century C.E. From China, the Parthians and other merchants carried silk, furs, ceramics, jade, bronze objects, lacquer and iron. Silk was mostly demanded in Rome.
• America: In the sixteenth century, precious metals like silver from the mines of Peru and Mexico were taken to Europe. This in turn financed European trade with Asia.

2. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.

Ans. A virus called small pox, which was brought from Europe to the America, decimated much of the native communities around the mid-sixteenth century. The original inhabitants had no immunity against such diseases and they were unable to resist the coloniser's superior weapons.

3. Write a note to explain the effects of the following:

(a) The British government's decision to abolish the Corn Laws.

Ans. The immediate effect of the British government's decision to abolish the Corn Laws was the inflow of cheaper agricultural crops from America and Australia. Many English farmers left their profession and migrated to towns and cities. Some went overseas. This indirectly led to global agriculture and rapid urbanisation, a prerequisite of industrial growth.

(b) The coming of Rinderpest to Africa.

Ans. Rinderpest was a cattle epidemic that came to Africa with the infected which was then meat imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa. It killed more than 90 per cent of the livestocks in Africa, making them dependent on Europeans for food and turned them subservient.

(c) The death of men of working age in Europe because of the World War.

Ans. Most of the victims of world war belonged to young generations of working men. As a result, it reduced the workforce in Europe, thereby reducing household income. The role of women increased and led to demand for more equality of status. It made the feminist movement stronger. Women started working alongside men in every field. Women and youngsters became more independent and free with long-term effects.

(d) The Great Depressionon the Indian Economy.

Ans. The impact of the Great Depression in India was felt especially in the agricultural sector. It was evident that Indian economy was closely becoming integrated to global economy. India was a British colony and exported agricultural goods and imported manufactured goods. The fall in agricultural price led to reduction of farmers’ income and agricultural export. The government did not decrease their tax and so, many farmers and landlords became more indebted to moneylenders and corrupt officials. It led to a great rural unrest in India.

(e) The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.

Ans. US business expanded worldwide through the MNCs. In recent years, they have tried to relocate production to Asian countries for the following reasons:

• Partly to locate their manufacturing operations and become domestic producers to avoid high tariff rates imposed by different countries.
• It is also because Asian countries are attractive destinations for investment, trying to capture world markets with its large population and globalisation.
• The economic transformation of countries like India, China and Brazil also stimulated world trade and capital flows.

4. Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.

Ans. The nineteenth century witnessed a high rate of growth in industrial and agricultural products.

• The technological development was accelerated by the industrial growth and increasing world trade. Colonies also provided the resources and markets which sustained the industrial growth. Thus, railways were needed to link agricultural regions to the ports from where the goods were transported, thereby increasing food availability to more
  destinations.
• Shipbuilding also became an important industry and countries competed to control trade routes on seas. Technology helped in the larger social, political and economic factors. For example, steamships and railways helped in carrying large volume of trading materials between long and inaccessible distance.

5. What is meant by Bretton Woods Agreement?

Ans. The main aim of the post-war international economic system was topreserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world. The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire in the USA agreed upon its framework. The Bretton Woods Conference established the following institutions:

• International Monetary Fund: Its aim was to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations.
• The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or World Bank was set "up to finance post-war reconstruction.
• The above institutions are known as The Bretton Woods institutions or Bretton Woods twins. The post-war international economic system is also often described as the Bretton Woods system. It was based on fixed exchange rates. National currencies were pegged to dollar at a fixed exchange rate. The dollar itself was anchored to gold at a fixed price of $ 35 per ounce of gold.
• The decision-making in these institutions is controlled by the western industrial powers. The US has an effective right of veto over key IMF and World Bank decisions. Bretton Woods twins. The post-war international economic system is also often described as the Bretton Woods system. It was based on fixed exchange rates. National currencies were pegged to dollar at a fixed exchange rate. The dollar itself was anchored to gold at a fixed price of $ 35 per ounce of gold.
• The decision-making in these institutions is controlled by the western industrial powers. The US has an effective right of veto over key IMF and World Bank decisions.

6. Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.

Ans. Economy of the nineteenth century are identified into three types or flows by the economist. They are based on the international exchange of goods and capital. They are:

• Trade flow of goods, e.g. cloth or wheat, in which goods are exchanged at long and short distances. Indians traded with the rest of the world as early as the Indus Valley civilisation. For example, Indus people had trade relations with Mesopotamia.
• Labour flow, e.g. the migration of people for employment, in which industrial countries actively create conditions favourable for employment and services. Many Indian labourers worked in plantations at South America and other colonies.
• Movement of capital for short-term or long-term investment. In this, movement of resources from one country to another takes place through loans or business investments. The British transferred a lot of capital from India to England before independence. All three are closely associated and affected the lives of people in the nineteenth century.

7. Explain the causes of the Great Depression.

Ans. The Great Depression was caused by several factors:

• Prosperity in the USA during the 1920s created a cycle of higher employment and incomes. It led to rise in consumption and demands. More investment and more employment created tendencies of speculations which led to the Great Depression of 1929 upto the mid1930s.
• Stock market crashed in 1929. It created panic among investors and depositors who stopped investing and depositing. As a result, it created a cycle of depriciation.
• Failure of the banks. Some of the banks closed down when people withdrew all their assets, leaving them unable to invest. Some banks called back loans taken from them at the same dollar rate inspite of the falling value of dollar. It was worsened by British change in policy to value pound at the pre-war value.

8. Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?

Ans. The IMF and the World Bank or the Bretton Woods twins served in the reconstruction of these nations. In the process, large corporations of powerful nations like the USA often managed to secure economic and other extraterritorial rights over weaker nations. The economic advances made by the West and Japan in the 1950s and 1960s did not benefit most of the developing countries. As a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins, they organised themselves into a group known as the Group of 77 or G-77 in order to demand a new international economic order (NIEO). The NIEO stood for a system that would give these nations real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access for manufactured goods in their markets.

4.0Key Features and Benefits of Class 10 History Chapter 3 The Making of a Global World

• Solutions are prepared in line with the updated NCERT syllabus and CBSE exam pattern.
• Answers are simple, clear, and easy to understand for effective learning and retention.
• Comprehensive explanations cover important events, concepts, and economic changes thoroughly.
• Enhances analytical and interpretative skills for school assessments and board examinations.
• Builds confidence in answering both factual and descriptive history questions effectively.