Distinguish between the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

Explanation

a. Aldehyde (I) gives positive Tollens test with `[Ag(NH_(3))_(2)]^(o+)` to gives Ag mirror. Ketone (II) (methyl ketone) give positive Iodoform test with `NaOH+I_(2)` (yellow ppt. of `CHI_(3)`).
b. Ketone (IV) gives Brady's test 2,4-DNP test (coloured ppt). Alcohol (III) is oxidised by `CrO_(3)` or `Cr_(2)O_(7)^(2-)` (colour change form orange-red to green) `[Cr^(6+)` (orange-red) to `Cr^(3+)` (green)].
c. Aldehyde (VI) gives positive Tollens test and 2,4-DNP test. Alcohol (V) is oxidised by `CrO_(3)` or `Cr_(2)O_(7)^(2-)` (orange-red to green).
d. Both ketone (VII) and aldehyde (VIII) give 2,4-DNP test, but aldehyde (VIII) gives positive Tollens test.
e. (X) is a methyl ketone and give positive iodoform test but ketone (IX) does not.
f. (XI) is an aromatic aldehyde and is not reduced by Fehiling's solution `[Cu(NH_(3))_(4)]^(2+)` , but (XII) is aliphatic aldehyde and give positive Fehiling's test (red ppt. of `Cu_(2)O`).
g. All are aldehydes and gives positive Tollens test and 2,4-DNP test. Also, ortho-isomer (XV) is steam volatile, para-isomer (XIII) has the highest melting point among its isomers due to the symmetrical packing in its crystal lattice.