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Non-stoichiometric cuprous oxide, Cu(2)O...

Non-stoichiometric cuprous oxide, `Cu_(2)O` can be prepared in lboratory. In this oxide. Copper to oxygen ratio is slightly less than 2:1, can you account for the fact that this substance is a p-type semiconductor?

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The ratio less than 2 : 1 in `Cu_(2)O` shows that some cuprous `(Cu^(+))` ions have been replaced by cupric `(Cu^(2+))` ions. To maintain electrical neutrality, every two `Cu^(+)` ion thereby creating a hole. As conduction will be due to presence of these positive holes, hence it is a p- type semiconductor.
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Alkali metals oxide are obtained by combustion of the metals.Although Na normally gives Na_2O_2 ,it will take up further oxygen at elevated pressure and temperature to form NaO_2 .The per and superoxides of the heavier alkalies can also be prepared by passing stoichiometric amounts of oxygen into their solution in liquid ammonia. The different alkali metal oxides can be distinguished by reaction with water.The superoxides reacts with CO_2 and give oxygen gas.The stability of per and superoxides is based upon that larger cation can stablise larger anion, due to larger lattice energy. Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia.Dilute solutions are dark blue in colour but as the concentration increases above 3M, the colour changes to copper bronze and the solution acquires the metallic lusture due to the formation of metal ions clusters.The solutions of alkali metals in liquid ammonia are good conductors of electricity due to the presence of ammoniated cations and ammoniated electrons.However, the conductivity decreases as the concentrations increases, since ammoniated electrons and ammoniated cation associate. On dissolving smaller (less than 3M) amount of sodium metal in liquid ammonia at low temperature , which one of the following does not occur ?

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The oxidation number of an element in a compound decides its nature to acts as oxidant or reductant. Oxidation number is defined and the residual charge which an atom has or appears to have in a molecule whenal other atoms are removed from the molecule as ions. Oxidation number is frequently used interchangebly with oxidation state. The stock notations of oxidation number are based on the periodic property-electronegativity. An atom in a molecule can be assigned positive, negative or zero oxidation number by considering its environment. In few cases, oxidation number can evenn be fractional. Oxidation number of Y in YBa_(2)Cu_(2)O_(7) is +3, then oxidation number of Cu is:

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