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How would you account for the following?...

How would you account for the following?
(a) Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states.
(b) Zr(Z = 40) and Hf (Z = 72) have almost identical radii.

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(a) ns and (n-1) d-electrons of transition metals participate in bonding, which results in various oxidation states. When ns-electrons take part in bonding, they exhibit lower oxidation states, whereas when (n-1) d-electrons along with ns-electrons participate in bonding, they exhibit higher oxidation states.
(b) Due to lanthanide contraction, the atomic radii of 4d and 5d transition series elements are almost same. That.s why, Zr (Z = 40) and Hf (Z =72) have almost identical radii.
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