Chapter | Key Concepts |
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry | - Mole Concept: Fundamental unit representing 6.022×10236.022 entities. |
- Stoichiometry: Calculation of reactants and products, balancing equations. |
- Laws of Chemical Combination: Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions. |
- Atomic and Molecular Masses: Relative atomic mass, molecular mass, mass spectrometry. |
- Empirical and Molecular Formulas: Simplest ratio of elements, actual number of atoms. |
States of Matter | - Gases: Ideal gas law, behavior of real gases (pressure, volume, temperature). |
- Liquids: Viscosity, surface tension, vapor pressure. |
- Solids: Crystalline and amorphous solids, unit cells, crystal lattices, melting point, hardness. |
- Intermolecular Forces: Dipole-dipole, London dispersion, hydrogen bonding. |
Structure of Atom | - Subatomic Particles: Protons, neutrons, electrons; their discovery and properties. |
- Atomic Models: Thomson's, Rutherford's, Bohr's models. |
- Quantum Mechanical Model: Quantum numbers, atomic orbitals, orbital shapes, electron configurations. |
- Electronic Structure: Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, Hund’s rule. |
Chemical Thermodynamics | - First Law of Thermodynamics: Conservation of energy, internal energy, enthalpy. |
- Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy, spontaneity, Gibbs free energy. |
- Enthalpy Changes: Enthalpy of reaction, formation, combustion. |
- Calorimetry: Measurement of heat changes in processes. |
Equilibrium | - Dynamic Equilibrium: Reversible reactions, equilibrium in closed systems. |
- Le Chatelier's Principle: Effects of concentration, temperature, pressure on equilibrium. |
- Equilibrium Constant (K): Calculations for different equilibria (Kc, Kp). |
- Acid-Base Equilibria: pH, pOH, equilibrium constants (Ka, Kb) for weak acids and bases. |
- Solubility Equilibria: Solubility product constant (Ksp) and applications. |
Redox Reactions | - Oxidation and Reduction: Definitions, oxidizing and reducing agents. |
- Oxidation Numbers: Assigning oxidation numbers, balancing redox equations. |
- Electrochemical Cells: Galvanic and electrolytic cells, standard electrode potentials, Nernst equation. |