Cerebrum

The cerebrum is the "Set of intelligence." The brain has three parts: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The cerebrum forms the central part of the human brain. The cerebrum controls motor, language, somatosensory, memory, hearing, emotions, and vision. A deep fissure separates the cerebrum into the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The two hemispheres are connected and communicated by a tract of nerve fibers called 'carpus callosum.'

1.0Cerebrum Anatomy

• The cerebrum, the most significant and most developed part of the human brain, is responsible for higher brain functions such as thought and action. It is divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. The cerebrum comprises the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, and deep grey matter nuclei within the white matter..

Nerve Cells

• The cerebrum houses several different types of neurons or nerve cells.

Neurons

It is a microscopic structure composed of three major parts, namely:-

Cell body or cyton: Command center

Dendrites or dendrons: These fibers transmit impulses toward the cell body or receive messages from other cells.

Axons: Send outgoing messages to the dendrites of other cells.

• Sensory neurons: Responsible for sensation

• Interneurons: Connect with other nerves

• Motor neurons: Responsible for involuntary or voluntary actions.

• Motor neurons : Responsible for involuntary or voluntary actions.

Type of Tissue

• Gray matter : It is composed of nerve cells. It consists of cytons & non-medullated nerve fibres (Gray fibers).

• White matter : It contains myelinated nerve fibres (White fibres).

2.0Cerebral Hemisphere

The cerebral hemisphere is the two halves of the brain, divided by a deep groove known as the longitudinal fissure.

It consists of an inner core of myelinated nerve fibers, the white matter & outer cortex of  gray matter.

"The left hemisphere of the brain is typically linked with logical reasoning."  language processing, analytical skills, and mathematical abilities.

• Reading
• Talking
• Logical perceptions.

The right hemisphere is more involved with face recognition, emotions, social interactions, and music.

3.0Cerebral Cortex

• The outer part of the cerebral hemisphere is called the cerebral cortex. It is about 2mm thick Ridges are known as gyri while grooves are called sulci. Gyri and sulci increase the surface area of cerebrum. 

• The cerebral cortex referred to as the gray matter due to its greyish appearance. The neuron cell bodies are concentrated here giving the colour. 

• Fibres of the tracts are covered with the myelin sheath, which constitute the inner part of cerebral hemisphere. They give an opaque white appearance to the layer and, hence, are called the white matter.

The cerebral cortex contains three types of functional areas :- 

(a) Sensory area- Analysis of sensory impulses

(b) Motor area- Generation of motor impulses 

(c) Association area- These are large regions that are neither clearly sensory nor motor in function. 

They are responsible for certain complex functions like :- 

• Intersensory associations :- As you are aware that all sensory inputs like touch, sound, light, smell are sent to brain. These different sensation require association and inter connection for their proper interpretation.

• Memory :- Memory of past events is recorded by the association areas and also with the different lobes of the cerebrum.

• Communication :- The ability of communication is also controlled by the association areas of cerebral cortex.

Lobes of the cerebral hemisphere: the four main lobes are present :

Anterior → Frontal lobe

Middle → Parietal lobe

Posterior → Occipital lobe

Lateral → Temporal lobe

(1) Frontal Lobe :

• Located in front of the brain.

•  It controls motor & executive functions.

•  It plays a key role in speech production Broca'ss area) & personality.

•  It involved decision-making, planning, problem-solving, behavior, and intelligence. 

(2) Parietal Lobe :

• Located behind the central sulcus.

• Deals with somatic senses like not, cold, pain, etc.

•  Language & symbol use, visual perception.

(3) Temporal Lobe :

• Located beneath the frontal & parietal lobes on the sides of the brain.

• It helps us in hearing (Auditory Area), memory, and language comprehension Wernicke'ss Area).

(4) Occipital Lobe :

• Found at the back of the brain to the parietal-occipital sulcus.

•  Primarily responsible for visual processing (Visual Area).

•  Involved in recognizing shapes, colors, and motion.

Functions of Cerebrum

Motor function : 

• Controls voluntary muscle movements. It involved planning and controlling.

Language & communication : 

• Involved in speech production & understanding language.

•  Analysis of sensory impulses.

•  Emotional & behavioral regulation.