Neurons and Nerves

The nervous system is the body's communication network, comprised of neurons at its core and nerves. Although neurons and nerves are used interchangeably, they denote different levels of organisation in this complex system. It is important to understand the difference to understand how the body receives, processes, and responds to information.

1.0What is a Neuron?

A neuron, or nerve cell, is the fundamental structural and functional unit of the nervous system. These specialised cells are responsible for transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals.

A typical neuron has three main parts:

• Cell Body (Soma): The core of the neuron, containing the nucleus and other organelles necessary for the neuron's survival and function. It's the site where nerve impulses are generated.
• Dendrites: These are short, branching projections that extend from the cell body. They act like antennae, receiving signals from other neurons.
• Axon: An elongated, thin projection that emerges from the cell body and carries nerve impulses away from it. The axon may be quite long to establish a connection between the central nervous system and a remote part of the body. Some axons are wrapped in a myelin sheath that is composed of fat. Myelin coats the axon and speeds signal transmission along the axon. The breaks in the myelin sheath form Nodes of Ranvier, where faster signal transmission occurs.

2.0Types of Neurons

There are three main types of neurons, classified by their function:

• Sensory Neurons: Also known as afferent neurons, they carry signals from sensory organs (like the eyes, ears, and skin) to the central nervous system (CNS).
• Motor Neurons: Also known as efferent neurons, they carry signals from the CNS to muscles and glands, eliciting responses.
• Interneurons: These are found within the CNS and connect sensory and motor neurons, integrating information and coordinating responses.

3.0What is a Nerve?

• A nerve is a macroscopic, cable-like bundle of axons from multiple neurons, wrapped in protective connective tissue. 
• Unlike a single neuron, a nerve is a collection of nerve fibres. Nerves are found exclusively in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and serve as pathways connecting the CNS to the rest of the body.
• Nerves are classified based on the direction of their signal transmission:
• Sensory Nerves: Composed of a bundle of sensory neuron axons, they transmit sensory information from the body to the brain and spinal cord.
• Motor Nerves: Composed of a bundle of motor neuron axons, they transmit motor commands from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.
• Mixed Nerves: These nerves contain both sensory and motor axons, enabling two-way communication.

4.0The Relationship Between Neurons and Nerves

• Think of the nervous system as a vast telecommunication network. Neurons are the individual phone lines, each carrying a specific message. 
• A nerve is the entire cable containing a bundle of these phone lines, allowing a large volume of information to be sent and received between two points.
• The nervous system is divided into two parts:
• Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprised of the brain and spinal cord, this is the body's processing centre.
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): This includes all the nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body, carrying signals to and from the CNS.