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NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 13 - Plant Growth and Development
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 13 (Plant Growth and Development) explain the factors that affect plant growth and development throughout a plant’s life cycle. The chapter covers growth, differentiation, development, and morphogenesis, along with the role of plant hormones in processes such as seed germination, flowering, and leaf fall. Students can learn how plants grow from a zygote into mature plants and how internal and external factors affect their development.
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 13 by ALLEN explain Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs), including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Students can learn how these plant hormones regulate growth and understand their uses in agriculture. The chapter also explains photoperiodism and vernalisation, including how the duration of light and exposure to low temperatures affect flowering. These solutions help students understand the NCERT topics and prepare for school exams and NEET.
1.0Class 11 Biology Chapter 13 Plant Growth and Development: Key Concepts
- Characteristics of Plant Growth: Understand growth as a permanent and irreversible increase in size, along with the stages of growth: meristematic, elongation, and maturation.
- Growth Rates: Learn the difference between arithmetic growth, which occurs at a constant rate, and geometric growth, which increases rapidly with time.
- Conditions for Growth: Understand the importance of water, oxygen, nutrients, temperature, and other conditions required for plant growth.
- Plant Development and Plasticity: Learn how growth and differentiation together contribute to plant development and understand plasticity through examples such as heterophylly.
- Plant Growth Regulators: Understand the functions of major plant hormones:
- Auxins: Promote cell growth, rooting, and apical dominance.
- Gibberellins: Promote stem elongation and bolting.
- Cytokinins: Promote cell division and delay ageing in plants.
- Ethylene: Helps in fruit ripening and promotes abscission.
- Abscisic Acid (ABA): Helps plants respond to stress and promotes seed dormancy.
- Photoperiodism: Understand how plants respond to the duration of light and darkness for flowering, including short-day, long-day, and day-neutral plants.
- Vernalisation: Learn how exposure to low temperatures can help certain plants initiate flowering.
2.0Detailed NCERT Textbook Solutions : Class 11 Biology Chapter 13
- Define growth, differentiation, development, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, determinate growth, meristem and growth rate. Ans. Growth is defined as a vital process which brings about an irreversible and permanent change in the shape, size, form, weight and volume of a cell, organ or whole organism, accompanied with increase in dry matter. Differentiation is a localised qualitative change in size, biochemistry, structure and function of cells, tissues or organs, e.g., fibre, vessel, tracheid, sieve tube, mesophyll, leaf etc. Thus it is a change in form and physiological activity. It results in specialisation for particular functions. Development may be defined as a process which includes growth, differentiation and maturation in a regular sequence in the life history of a cell, organ or organism viz., seed germination, growth, differentiation, flowering, seed formation and senescence. Dedifferentiation is the process by which the differentiated cells which have lost the ability to divide under certain circumstances, become meristematic and regain the divisibility. Redifferentiation is defined as maturation or differentiation of dedifferentiated cells to form cells which are unable to divide e.g., secondary xylem elements, cork cells etc., are formed by redifferentiation of secondary cambial cells. Determinate growth is the ability of a cell, tissue or the organism to grow for a limited period of time. Meristem is a tissue consisting of unspecialised immature cells, possessing the power of continuous cell division and adding new cells to the body. Growth rate is defined as the increased growth per unit time.
- Why is not any one parameter good enough to demonstrate growth throughout the life of a flowering plant? Ans. A flowering plant consists of a number of organs viz., roots, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits etc. growing differently under different stages of life cycle. These plant organs require different parameters to demonstrate their growth. In plant organs like fruits, bulbs, corms etc. fresh weight is used for measuring their growth. In case of fruits, increase in volume, diameter etc., are also used as other parameters for the measurement of their growth. For flat organs like leaves, increase in surface area is used as the parameter. Stem and roots primarily grow in length and then in girth, thus increase in length and diameter are used for measuring their growth. Consequently, the flowering plants exhibit several parameters to demonstrate growth.
- Describe briefly : (a) Arithmetic growth (b) Geometric growth (c) Sigmoid growth curve (d) Absolute and relative growth rates
Ans.
(a)Arithmetic growth: If the length of a plant organ is plotted against time it shows a linear curve, the growth is called arithmetic growth. In this growth, the rate of growth is constant and increase in growth occurs in arithmetic progression e.g., length of a plant is measured as 2,4, 6, 8,10,12 cm at a definite interval of 24 hrs. It is found in root or shoot elongating at constant rate. Arithmetic growth is expressed as Here, length after time t. length at the beginning, growth rate.
Fig.: Arithmetic growth curve
(b)Geometric growth: Geometric growth is the growth where both the progeny cells following mitosis retain the ability to divide and continue to do so. It occurs in many higher plants and in unicellular organisms when grown in nutrient rich medium. Number of cells is initially small so that initial growth is slow which is called lag phase. Later on, there is rapid growth at exponential rate. It is called log or exponential phase.
Fig.: Geometric growth curve (c)Sigmoid growth curve: Geometric growth cannot be sustained for long. Some cells die. Limited nutrient availability causes slowing down of growth. It leads to stationary phase. There may be actually a decline. Plotting the growth against time will give a typical sigmoid or S-curve.
Fig.: Sigmoid growth curve
S-curve of growth is typical of most living organisms in their natural environment. It also occurs in cells, tissues and organs of plants. (d) Absolute growth rate is the measurement of total growth per unit time. Relative growth rate is growth per unit time per unit initial growth. Growth in given time period/ Measurement at start of time period Suppose two leaves have grown by in one day. Initial size of leaf A was while that of leaf B was . Though their absolute growth is the same ( day) , relative rate of growth is faster in leaf A(5/5) because of initial small size than in leaf B(5/50).
- List five main groups of natural plant growth regulators. Write a note on discovery, physiological functions and agricultural/horticultural applications of any one of them. Ans. There are five main groups of natural plant growth regulators which are very much recognised as natural hormones in plants. These are:
- Auxins
- Gibberellins
- Cytokinins
- Abscisic acid
- Ethylene
Discovery of auxin: In 1880, Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin worked with the coleoptile of canary grass (Phalaris sp.) and found the existence of a substance in coleoptile tip, which was able to recognise the light stimulus and leads to the bending of tip towards light.
Paal (1919) reported that the substances secreted in the tip are translocated downwards and caused cell elongation in half portion which was on the dark side and hence bending was observed in opposite direction.
F.W. Went (1928) further refined this experiment and supported the observations of Paal. He was the first person to isolate and name these substances of tip as auxins (Greek Auxein - means 'to grow').
In 1931, Kogl and Haagen-Smith isolated crystalline compounds from human urine.
These were named as auxin-a, auxin-b and heteroauxin.
Physiological functions of auxins:
- Auxins induce cambial cell divisions, shoot cell elongation and early differentiation of xylem and phloem in tissue culture experiments.
- In general, auxins initiate rooting but inhibit the growth of roots. IBA is the most potent root initiator.
- Auxins inhibit the growth of axillary buds (apical dominance) but enhance the size of carpel and hence earlier fruit formation.
- Application of auxins retards the process of senescence (last degradative phase), the abscission of leaves, fruits, branches, etc.
- Auxins induce feminisation, i.e., on male plant, female flowers are produced.
Agricultural/horticultural application of auxins:
- Application of auxins like IAA, IBA, NAA induce rooting in stem cuttings of many plants. This method is widely used to multiply several economically useful plants.
- Normally, auxins inhibit flowering however in litchi and pineapple, application of auxin promotes flowering thus used in orchards.
- Auxin induces parthenocarpy in some plants including tomato, pepper, cucumber and Citrus, thus, produces seedless fruits of more economic value.
- Auxins like 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T are commercially used as weedicides, due to their low cost and greater chemical stability. They are selective herbicides (killing broad-leaved plants, but not grasses).
- For checking premature fruit drop, auxins are applied which prevent the formation of abscission zone in the petiole or just below the fruit. Auxin regulates maturing fruit on the trees of apples, oranges and grape fruit. High doses of auxins can cause fruit drop. Thus, heavy applications of synthetic auxins are used commercially to promote a coordinated abscission of various fruits to facilitate harvesting.
- Auxin, produced in the apical bud, suppresses the development of lateral buds, i.e., apical dominance. Thus practically used in prolonging the dormancy period of potato tubers.
- Naphthalene acetamide is used to prevent the lodging (excessive elongation and development of weak plants, specially in gramineae) or falling of crops.
- Auxin (2,4-D) promotes callus formation in tissue culture. Complete plantlets are regenerated from callus tissue, using auxins and cytokinin which are then transplanted into the soil. Now-a-days, this is a widely practised method of propagation in the field of agriculture and horticulture.
- Why is abscisic acid also known as stress hormone? Ans. A fairly high concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) is found in leaves of plants growing under stress conditions, such as drought, flooding, injury, mineral deficiency etc. It is accompanied by loss of turgor and closure of stomata. When such plants are transferred to normal conditions, they regain normal turgor and ABA concentration decreases. Since the synthesis of ABA is accelerated under stress condition and its concentration decreases when the stress is relieved, it is also known as stress hormone.
- 'Both growth and differentiation in higher plants are open'. Comment. Ans. Plant growth is generally indeterminate. Higher plants possess specific areas called meristems which take part in the formation of new cells. The body of plants is built on a modular fashion where structure is never complete because the tips (with apical meristem) "are open ended - always growing and forming new organs to replace the older or senescent ones. Growth is invariably associated with differentiation. The exact trigger for differentiation is also not known. Not only the growth of plants are open- ended, their differentiation is also open. The same apical meristem cells give rise to different types of cells at maturity, e.g., xylem, phloem, parenchyma, sclerenchyma fibres, collenchyma, etc. Thus, both the processes are indeterminate, unlimited and develop into different structures at maturity i.e., both are open.
- 'Both a short day plant and a long day plant can produce can flower simultaneously in a given place'. Explain. Ans. A short day plant (SDP) flowers only when it receives a long dark period and short photoperiod, e.g., Xanthium, Dahlia etc. On the other hand, a long day plant (LDP) will flower only when it receives a long photoperiod and short dark period, e.g., wheat, oat etc. Thus critical photoperiod is that continuous duration of light which must not be exceeded in SDP and should always be exceeded in LDP in order to bring them to flower. Xanthium requires light for less than 15.6 hrs and Henbane requires light for more than 11 hrs. Xanthium (a SDP) and Henbane (DP) will flower simultaneously in light period between 11 to 15.6 hrs.
- Which one of the plant growth regulators would you use if you are asked to : (a) induce rooting in a twig (b) quickly ripen a fruit (c) delay leaf senescence (d) induce growth in axillary buds (e) 'bolt' a rosette plant (f) induce immediate stomatal closure in leaves.
Ans.
(a) Auxins like IBA, NAA. (b) Ethylene (c) Cytokinins (d) Cytokinins (e) Gibberellins (f) Abscisic acid (ABA)
- Would a defoliated plant respond to photoperiodic cycle? Why? Ans. No, a defoliated plant would not respond to photoperiodic cycle because photoperiodic stimulus is picked up by the leaves only. Even one leaf or a part of it is sufficient for this purpose. For perception of photoperiodic cycle, there must be the presence of leaves under inductive photoperiod, so that, the hormone responsible for flowering can be produced.
- What would be expected to happen if : (a) is applied to rice seedlings (b) dividing cells stop differentiating (c) a rotten fruit gets mixed with unripe fruits (d) you forget to add cytokinin to the culture medium.
Ans.
(a) The coleoptile will elongate rapidly, as helps in cell growth. (b) The development of callus (mass of undifferentiated cells) will take place. (c) The unripe fruits will ripe quickly because of the increased rate of respiration due to emission of ethylene from rotten fruit. (d) Cell division will be retarded and shoot will not initiate from the callus.
3.0NCERT Class 11 Biology – Chapter-Wise Solutions & Explanations
Find NCERT Solutions for every Class 11 Biology chapter with easy answers to all textbook questions. Understand important concepts, revise each chapter, and strengthen your Biology basics for exams.
4.0Key Features of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 13
- Functions of Plant Growth Regulators: Learn how auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid affect plant growth and development. Understand their roles in weed control, seed dormancy, and fruit ripening.
- Arithmetic and Geometric Growth: Understand the formulas for arithmetic and geometric growth, along with how plants increase in size over time.
- Plasticity and Heterophylly: Learn the difference between environmental and developmental heterophylly with examples such as buttercup and larkspur.
- Photoperiodism and Flowering: Understand how plants respond to the duration of light and darkness and how this affects flowering.
- Prepared by ALLEN Expert Faculty: Study clear explanations of plant growth and development topics based on the NCERT Class 11 Biology syllabus.
- Roles of Plant Growth Regulators: Understand how gibberellins and abscisic acid have different effects on plant growth, seed dormancy, and other plant processes.
- Complete NCERT Exercise Solutions: Find answers to NCERT textbook questions with clear explanations to help you revise Class 11 Biology Chapter 13 and prepare for school exams and NEET.